Ghost of an Idea: Hauntology, Folk Horror and the Spectre of Nostalgia by William Burns

Book Review – November 2024

Is nostalgia a harmless skip down memory lane? Can nostalgia be used like propaganda to mollify, entice, and seduce: encouraging us to turn off our critical thinking, stick our heads in the sand, and revel in a past that actually may have never been, a past gone mad? While conservative politicians have made nostalgia an intrinsic and explicit part of their political platform, the social consequences of nostalgia on culture and art can be sinisterly opaque.

Ghost of an Idea examines the impact of nostalgia on the horror and hauntological genres. In this deeply researched work William Burns addresses the question of nostalgia, which can be defined as a longing for a past that may once or may never have existed. Is it, he asks, a force which stimulates contemporary creativity, encouraging further exploration and expression? Or does nostalgia too often produce a culture that is a bland shadow of the original upon which it is based?

The term ‘hauntology’ came into common use in cultural studies circles as a result of its being employed by the French philosopher, Jacques Derrida, in his 1993 book Spectres of Marx. The British academic, Mark Fisher, further developed the concept of hauntology, applying it to manifestations of popular culture and popularising the term in the English-speaking world. Hauntology explores the ways in which nostalgia, memory, and the remnants of past ideologies manifest in contemporary culture, art, and media. It looks at how the past ‘haunts’ the present, creating a sense of temporal disjunction.

In Ghost of an Idea William Burns considers a comprehensive range of horror and hauntological films, television programmes, literature and music, displaying considerable knowledge and great affection for his subject matter. The book’s format is very much like that of an anthology. It starts with what Burns describes as a ‘hauntology primer’ and then goes on to discuss manifestations of this concept in the arts. Burns’ love of the types of music influenced by hauntology is reflected by a series of interviews he conducted with musicians and reviews of gigs that he attended that he reproduces here. Hauntological music is hard to define, but embraces the folk, electronic, ambient and rock traditions.

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Boards of Canada

He presents a convincing argument as to why Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol should be regarded as the ‘first truly hauntological work of art’ and goes on to closely consider the works of other writers such as H P Lovecraft and Alan Moore. Film (and by extension television) is possibly, the perfect medium for works of hauntology as its creators are able to use such devices as jump cuts and flashbacks and are not bound by a linear narrative structure.

Childhood is an important trope in hauntological art as the innocence, expectations, and fears of the foggily remembered past and the anticipated future are expressed through the intermingling of the thrills and the dread of the ordinary…the extraordinary…and the apocalyptic.

As a child of the 1970s Burns’ is haunted by memories of the children’s television of that period. Indeed, he’s not the first to observe that some of the programmes supposedly aimed at kids from that period were decidedly weird.

still from Owl Service opening credits

The Owl Service

The final part of Ghost of an Idea addresses the question posed it its title: The Enemy of Truth: Is Nostalgia Counter-Revolutionary? Burns does not sit on the fence. With justifiable wit and anger he turns his ire upon the franchise merchants, The people who take what was once an original idea and a landmark film and milk it for all its worth with sequels and remakes. In the process they denigrate everything that was good about the original.

Horror fans are now a prime target audience and marketing demographic meant to be milked the same way that all the other fandoms are. Horror and its fans were the outsiders, the neglected, the underdogs, even the despised for being interested in the transgressive, darker aspects of human experiences. Now we are merely consumer metrics.

Particular targets for Burns’ wrath are the Stars Wars films since the founding trilogy, American Horror Story Season 10 and the Toy Story merchandising machine. On a positive note, however, he applauds the integrity of Alan Moore who refused to simply bow down and take the Hollywood dollar.

Just a word though in defence of Randy Newman (misspelt Neumann in my copy of the book). While Burns is no doubt entirely right to describe his Toy Story film scores as ‘maudlin’, Newman also has a singer/songwriter back-catalogue going back some fifty years in which he consistently exposes the dark side of the American dream with wit and eloquence.

William Burns

William Burns was born in 1972 upon a day when, he likes to point out,  crucial scenes for both The Exorcist and The Wicker Man were being filmed, forever marking him out as a member of the ‘Haunted Generation’.  He is the author of The Thrill of Repulsion: Excursions into Horror Culture (2016).

This review is based on an advance copy of a book due to be published in March 2025. It is available to pre-order from the publisher and the usual retailers.
The Ghost of an Idea: Hauntology, Folk Horror and the Spectre of Nostalgia
William Burns
Headpress Books 
March 2025
UK – £9.99 (ebook), £19.99 (paperback), £23.00 (hardback)
Images 
Book Cover – Headpress
Boards of Canada – Wikipedia
The Owl Service – Granada Television
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Dark Play by Tim Cooke

Book Review – November 2024

I woke to thud and a crack, a small face ricocheting away from the glass. The features – much like my own – creased into a familiar frown. A spurt of blood spilled from a crevice in the brow, running in thick lines down to the chin.

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Dark Play is a collection of linked short stories by Tim Cooke, each one featuring a father and young daughter living in an isolated farmhouse on a Welsh hillside. Cooke’s stories were inspired by the concept of ‘dark play’ developed by the American professor of drama, Richard Schechner. In Schechner’s dark play some  or all of the participants are not aware they are taking part in a game and, implicitly, they are unable to consent to their participation.

Play is, indeed, at the heart of this collection. The girl, Nia, does not appear to have any friends nor is it ever mentioned that she attends a school. But she has a fertile imagination and is well-versed in the art of playing alone. But perhaps never completely on her own. Her father, often an observer, is at other times, some of the stories seem to suggest, an active participant. But the real connection in Nia’s play, and the channel whereby more sinister elements seem to enter her games, is with the remote landscape all about them and the stories of the people who lived and died there. Within the orbit her play, and spilling out of these games, the landscape and its tales seem to come to life.

Reality and imaginative play are tumbled together. Are Nia’s stories real and, indeed, is her dad a reliable narrator? We are offered no easy answers, but palpable feelings of dread tighten their grip as each tale unfolds. Driving home after a pub meal in the opening story, The Judgement, Nia asks her father about the ladies she saw while he went to the toilet as they were leaving. They were in a red room in the pub with candles, flowers and a funny smell: The woman with brown teeth asked me about you. Do you think she knows that we live up here? Later, in The Visitor, on  a stormy evening, someone unexpected really does come to their door. Dad had just entertained Nia with a strange story of a persecuted witch who wandered the local hills looking  for her now demolished cottage. She would appear to people in a variety of disguises, so the young male hiker, soaked to the skin and asking to use the phone, immediately raised Nia’s suspicions. Then, in a later story, a game which starts as a silly prank leads to that worst nightmare of any parent, a missing child.

The stories, some of them very short, are linked and all centre on Nia and her father. But they do not follow a linear arc; nor does the beginning of one story pick-up on the ending of the previous one. Instead the reader is left to puzzle how the various episodes fit together. Perhaps they follow a cyclical pattern or even, in a nightmarish way, they are locked in a continuous loop.

Other characters appear in some of the stories. Dad’s sister and her baby, in a story called The Conversion, come to visit. But they somehow seem to be characters within the framework of the underlying game rather than individuals acting with their own agency. Nia’s mother is a tangible absence throughout the stories. We are led to sense that something has happened, but we have no idea what this might be.

Then in the final story, Mother, she is suddenly there alongside Nia and Dad helping her husband to host a barbecue for friends. But what should be a carefree, relaxing afternoon becomes steadily more unsettling and the very landscape around them seems to exude portents of menace. As a moment of real horror approaches the reader becomes aware of a malign influence reaching both backwards and forwards through time.

Tim Cooke has set his collection of ‘weird’ stories in the land which gave birth to a much older collection of tales, The Mabinogion. His great achivement with Dark Play is to take a contemporary narrative and ground it in a much older, storied landscape. Past tragedies, injustices and pain are alluded to and, through Cooke’s stories, a lingering darkness soaks through into the present day. A remarkable feat in just 67 pages.

 

Tim Cooke

authorTim Cooke is a teacher, writer and creative writing PhD student. He was the winner of the New Welsh Writing Awards 2022: Rheidol Prize for Prose with a Welsh Theme or Setting for his blended nonfiction book, River.

 

Dark Play: A collection of weird stories
Tim Cooke
Salò Press 
March 2024
UK – £6.99 (paperback)
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Halloween 2024

I’m not a huge fan of Halloween, though I am looking forward to going to a kids’ Halloween party later on today. Nor do I particularly enjoy horror as an artistic genre. But I have many exceptions to this aversion: I have always loved Bram Stoker, Mary Shelley, Mervyn Peake, The Owl Service and The Wicker Man, for instance. I am also fascinated by hauntology and enjoy lots of recent music and literature influenced by folk horror.

By pure coincidene, however, I finished my second reading of Tim Cooke’s Dark Play in bed shortly before midnight last night, and this morning I started reading Ghost of an Idea by William Burns. Cooke’s short story collection is excellent, though decidedly unsettling. Burns’s study of hauntology, folk horror and nostalgia so far promises to be both comprehensive and fascinating. I will review both of these books in these pages very soon.

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Wild Twin by Jeff Young

Book Review – October 2024

One of the things that struck me about all of this junk was that every single object was a repository of someone else’s memory, because it had got to the auction rooms from the house clearances of dead peoples’ property. The house was a museum of grief and loss and abandonment, and our dad was the curator.

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One way of reading Wild Twin, Jeff Young’s companion memoir to 2020’s Ghost Town, is to see it as a tale of three cities: Liverpool, Paris and Amsterdam. But it is also, among many other things, the story of a haunting. The ghost at the heart of Young’s previous book was his mother. Wild Twin, on the other hand, is haunted by the spirit of his late father, Cyril.

As readers of Ghost Town will already know, Jeff Young was brought up in Liverpool. But it is more than just his home city: Liverpool is the lens through which he sees and interprets the world. Young’s first home was in the terraced streets near the Everton FC football ground in Walton. Incidentally, an area with which I have my own maternal family connections. The Young family moved out to suburban Maghull while Jeff was still a child and this remained the parental home until the last year or so and it was where his mother, and more recently his father, died.

Young’s experience of formal education was not a happy or fulfilling one. Nonetheless, he grew up with a love of literature and music, and in particular outsider art. From his mother he learned the joy of walking and exploring; of how quirky and fascinating corners can be found hidden within the city’s streets. Liverpool was Jeff Young’s psychogeographic training ground.

By his late teens Young was in a dead-end clerical assistant job with the local council. Gigs, beer and weed were his escape and filled his weekends. He devoured the writings of Kerouac, Ginsberg and the Beats, he soaked up art house showings of French New Wave films and fed his inner life with the music of Sun Ra, Captain Beefheart, Steve Reich and Can. But he wanted more. He longed to wander the streets of Paris like Sartre, Miller, Burroughs and Beckett before him; to drink absinthe and write poetry. He dreamed of living like a Beat, embracing everything serendipity had to offer and to become a latter-day dharma bum.

So, one March morning fifty years ago Young packed in his job and set out to hitch-hike to Paris. That’s ‘a silly thing to do’ was his father’s understated response as Young announced his plan and said his goodbyes at the family breakfast table. Jeff Young’s friend and fellow aspiring Beat, Stan, accompanied him. But Stan quickly got homesick and turned back to go home at Ostend. Young carried on alone, hitching through Belgium towards Paris; by turns frightened, lonely and exhilarated.

Upon reaching Paris he stays in an attic room in a flea-bitten hotel on the Left Bank, never ceasing to delight in the roofscape view of Paris from the window of his room. He wanders the streets absorbing all the sights, smells and sounds of Paris. He visits Jim Morrison’s grave and some of the locations that were familiar to hime from French films. Opposite his hotel he stands outside the house where William Burroughs and Brion Gysin lodged, but is too fearful to knock on the door. In a bar he is latched onto by a somewhat menacing British exile called Baxter, and he keeps bumping into him in subsequent days.

None of this is the real Paris; all of this is the real Paris. The Paris I wanted to run away to and now I walk through it in tears.

Part One of Wild Twin closes with Young returning home to Liverpool from Paris. He signs on the dole and spends his days and sleepless nights lying in bed reading and listening to music. A dodgy cassette tape of Television’s Marquee Moon, recorded from John Peel’s radio show, seems to speak to him in the darkness of his room. Books and records assault his senses: Young describes them as being like ‘detonations’ and ‘fire alarms’. He senses that his family and friends are talking about him and are concerned for his well-being. He realises that it is time to move on.

and then, in some kind of cancellation of myself, I went suddenly, abruptly, to Germany to have some kind of breakdown.

Young takes a job as a barman on a British army base near Paderborn. He spends his spare time listening to Krautrock and drinking himself into a stupor with Apfelkorn. He returns home the following Christmas having come to realise that he wasn’t going to find whatever it was he was looking for in Germany.

At a party he meets an unconventional young woman called Becks who looks like ‘a punk Elizabeth Taylor’, is an expert shoplifter and loves drinking. He has discovered a soul mate.

she was drunk on her favourite concoction of Merrydown Cider and Cinzano, a dash of Night Nurse on the top just to jazz things up a bit.

They quickly hatch a plan to thumb it around Europe together and, by a circuitous route, end up in Amsterdam. They live amongst squatters, anarchists, illegals and exiles. They work in bars on the black, collect beer bottles for small change, steal bicycles and have their bicycles stolen and raid skips for furniture. Amsterdam occupies most of Part Two of the book. It is a time peopled by a host of unforgettable characters. Bill the Wolf presides over the house they live in and is insomniac, flamboyant and gin-soaked. Harry the young heroin addict, whom Bill loves, lives in a former electrical shop on the ground floor. Mondo the dealer, brooding and malevolent, lives in the attic behind a padlocked trap-door. On the first-floor lives Nina, a Portuguese artist who paints everything pink including her clothes. Young also meets Gregory Corso, the Beat poet, now a shambling husk of his former self.

It is, for the most part, a happy time, especially if one sticks to Bill’s maxim of ‘not to believe’. Young’s parents visit him. They love Amsterdam and he delights in seeing the pair of them wobbling off on bicycles along the canal side, whooping with laughter.

Time Machines, the third and final part of Wild Twin is set back in Liverpool several decades after his time in Amsterdam. Young’s father, Cyril, now a widower, is in hospital with dementia and prostate cancer. His end is inevitable, but he is deemed to be a bed-blocker and must be moved elsewhere. He is taken to a care home at short notice. It is a cold, unhappy and understaffed place and Young and his sister, Kathryn, decide it is time to take their father home. The family home is the semi-detached house in Maghull, a place full of memories and mementoes.

In the year my dad was dying I started building time machines. In tobacco tins and cigar tins I curated memories…

time_machines

Jeff and Kathryn take turns to be with him. The house is full of memories. These memories may be out of reach for Young’s father, drifting in the fog of Alzheimer’s, but they are all around and they are real. They provide comfort. This final section of Wild Twin is ineffably, painfully sad, especially for those of us who have experienced loss which, sooner or later, is the fate of everyone. But the beauty of Jeff Young’s writing speaks for all of us.

Now in his sixties Young has arrived at another place. But his searching goes on.

The place I wanted to be when I left home was a place where I had no past, no ancestors, no memory. Dislocation from the familiar. Absence. Erasure. The opposite of the way I think and feel now that I’m in my sixties – the past, my ancestors, memory are the centre of my being.

 

Jeff Young

authorJeff Young is a writer for screen, stage and radio. A former senior lecturer in Creative Writing at Liverpool John Moores University, Jeff lives in Liverpool. He is also the author of Ghost Town.

 

Wild Twin
Jeff Young
Little Toller Books
September 2024
UK – £20 (hardback)
Author Image – Pearl Buscombe Young
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This Albion: Snapshots of a Compromised Land by Charlie Hill

Book Review – September 2024

I had for some time believed the key to effective writing was to concentrate on the surface of things. Record them faithfully, and they’d do the work for you. After all, the world is manifestly absurd and provides you with everything you need in the way of character and environment and plot; why complicate – or simplify – things with undue authorial mediation?

Recently, however, I had started to question the value of such an approach. . .

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Charlie Hill’s slim paperback more than makes up for its lack of length and detail with the depth and perceptivity of his observations as he charts a series of walks he has made through locations in England, Scotland and Wales. The book’s format is simple: each short essay focuses on a particular place Hill has visited in recent years, some urban and some and others rural, and crafts a collecion of meditations on what he sees, hears, thinks and feels.

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Mercifully, there is nothing self-consciously clever or showy about Hill’s prose, though his resume suggests he is more than capable of writing in this way if he chose to. Instead, he tells his story, his series of stories, simply and clearly. However, the overall achievement of these separate pieces, when considered as a whole, is to present us with something much more profound. Hill’s snapshots show a nation in flux, its people split by division. He feels the weight of history resting heavily on today and senses anxiety about the future underlying much of Britain’s public discourse.

But there is hope aplenty. Like some latter-day pilgrim Hill sketches a starburst of destinations radiating out from his home in Birmingham, England’s phrenic centre.  He is everyman and everywoman, he is you and me, and he guides us on his walks with humour and good sense and, despite the despair he notes in some quarters, he also meets kindness, acceptance and positivity wherever he goes. Though simple and staightforward on the surface, Hill’s writing conjures up a deep poetic beauty.

Charlie Hill

authorCharlie Hill is an  author from Birmingham. He has written long and short form memoir, and contemporary, historical and experimental fiction. He is the co-founder and former Director of a literary festival, the PowWow Festival of Writing, which ran from 2011 to 2017 and featured guests such as Joanne Harris, Alex Wheatle, Stewart Home and Natalie Haynes. He has also appeared at many such events, including Frankfurt’s Literaturm and the Birmingham Literary Festival.

This Albion: Snapshots of a Compromised Land
Charlie Hill
Culture Matters
August 2024
UK – £12 (paperback)
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Muntjac by Clevelode

Music Review – July 2024

Although I left this place, part of me remains

(this is) very much musical psychogeography

~ Paul Newland

I have fond memories of The Lowland Hundred. They provided me with a soundtrack for the middle-teen years of the present century when I spent a lot of time walking the paths and byways of North and Mid Wales. A project of Paul Newland and Tim Noble, the name Lowland Hundred is an English translation of Cantre’r Gwaelod, a mythical lost land off the coast of present day Cardigan Bay. Their music evoked a sense of loss and longing and seemed to tap into memories buried in the very landscape of this part of Wales.

Clevelode is Paul Newland’s latest venture and features the composer himself on vocals, guitar, piano, synths and percussion together with a small group of collaborators featuring Mike Seal on bass and Emma Morton on backing vocals. The eight tracks of Muntjac are a meditation on the landscape of Epping Forest and the memories that area holds for Newland. Some track titles, such as Loughton Camp and Grimston’s Oak, refer to particular places in and around the forest. Others, like It Must Have Rained Last Night (Avenue of Trees), seem to touch on more personal recollections for Newland.

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Memories inhabit the forest like fallen leaves, layer upon layer, year upon year.  High Beech summons up images of the wanderings of John Clare concurrently with East End gangsters digging shallow graves. Ambresbury Banks concludes the album and is an instrumental piece that is epic in scale and ambition and very satisfying in its effect.

 

Clevelode

Clevelode is Paul Newland and his collaborators. Newland was one-half of The Lowland Hundred, a critically acclaimed duo that released three albums, Under Cambrian Sky (2010), Adit (2011), The Lowland Hundred (2014).

Muntjac
Clevelode
Fenny Compton
July 2024
Compact Disc – £12.99, Digital Download – £7.00
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Going to Ground: An Anthology of Nature and Place – Ed. by Jon Woolcott

Book Review – July 2024

This new space encompassed not only the rural, but also the urban, suburban, the in-between places, the industrial or post-industrial, the abandoned, and the places that humans were coming to live in for the first time.

 

Just over ten years ago the Dorset-based publisher, Little Toller, set up an online journal of new writing about landscape. The Clearing offered a space for new and extablished writers to explore themes and ideas about landscape and place. This collection, edited by Jon Woolcott, the author of Real Dorset, brings together poetry and prose by thirty writers who have contributed to The Clearing over the years, as well as a sympathetically considered introduction by Woolcott.

Being an anthology of the works of many writers, it is perhaps not surprising that there are great variations in the style and tone of the works presented in Going to Ground.  But, reading the collection as a whole, one is struck by an underlying darkness of tone; an unspoken feeling of sorrow and regret that pervades much of the writing. The threat of human-driven climate change and the extinction of species underlies many of the works in this collection. Little wonder that the word ‘Anthropocene’ crops up again and again.

In Jennifer Jones’s Peat: The Teller of Tales the story lies, quite literally, in the land beneath our feet. She focuses on what can be discerned within core samples taken from the ground in a Pennine peat bog. Layer upon layer, the successive waves of changing climate and vegetation and, more recently, the influence of humans, all contained within a half metre core of peat. Nic Wilson, in Motherlode, writes about John Clare, his connections with her own family history and the continuing relevance of his work. Amina Khan invokes the power of Byron’s words and, in A Wild Tree Toward the North, highlights the connections and exchange of ideas between Islam and the Romantics.

Going to Ground evokes a haunted land, a countryside stalked by ghosts. A layering of lives and their stories, mulched into the very soil. In White Horses, Kiwi, Trench Susannah Walker tells the story of the hillside chalk carvings of the West Country. In a more personal work, Graham Mort writes in Heritage about about how the landscape of North Yorkshire summons up visceral memories of his family and childhood.

Several of the writers in this anthology paint a picture of a nation whose countryside and edgelands have been hollowed-out by the hammer blows of neglect and greed. Our farms have become industrial units, whole species of flora and fauna face terminal decline and our rivers and streams are being steadily poisoned. But there is hope: Kathleen Jamie bids us to stop and listen. Her Lissen Everything Back proposes silently paying attention as an act of ‘resistance and renewal’ against the forces of destruction.

There are of course variations in the quality of the writing in this collection, but that’s all part of the enjoyment of such a project. Put this anthology in front of, say, the dozen members of a book group and one would most likely hear back arguments for twelve different favourite and least favourite pieces.

Jon Woolcott

Jon Woolcott is a writer and publisher and currently works for the  independent publisher, Little Toller, where he also edits The Clearing, the online journal for new writing about place and nature. He is the author of Real Dorset.

Going to Ground: An Anthology of Nature and Place
Jon Woolcott (Ed.)
Little Toller
May 2024
UK – £16.00 (paperback)

Contributors:

Louisa Adjoa Parker, Eleanor Anstruther, Chris Baker, David Hinchliffe Bradford, The Byker Wall Poets & Lee Mattinson, Nancy Campbell, Tim Dee, Alex Diggins, Kerri ní Dochartaigh, Raine Geoghegan,Tim Hannigan, Meriel Harrison, David Higgins, Jane Hughes, Jeremy Hughes, Kathleen Jamie, Jennifer Jones, Amina Khan, Ann Lingard, Mary Malyon, Martin Maudsley, Graham Mort, JC Niala, Baz Nichols, Christina Riley, Jack Thacker, Susannah Walker, Elspeth Wilson, Nic Wilson, Alex Woodcock.
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Sunken Lands by Gareth E. Rees

Book Review – April 2024

I started my journey with hope that I could contribute in a microscopic way to the groundswell of storytelling that might help us see what has gone wrong with our civilisation and understand what we might learn from our ancestors’ experiences of global warming in the early Holocene. But as I travelled through sunken lands, I realised that I was far from the heroes I imagined in my childhood novels. The middle-aged me was a deeply anxious person , endemically pessimistic and prone to compulsive catastrophising. This made me either the ideal person to write this book or the worst.

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Gareth Rees’ last work, Terminal Zones, was a collection of short stories set in the near future. Its focus was an England beset for a series of catastrophes all of which were triggered by climate change. Sunken Lands opens up Rees’ urgent warnings about the climate crisis to consider his concerns on a global level and to place his analysis in a deeper historical context.

There is a story etched into the rocky shell of our planet. Geologists present us with conclusive evidence that history is cyclical; that the physical processes determining the fate of life on Earth are subject to climactic and tectonic ebbs and flows. In this, Rees’s most ambitious work to date, he charts the many cycles of lands that emerge from beneath the waves and the flora, fauna and humans that gradually move in and prosper, only to be forced out again many thousands of years later as the sea returns to reclaim the land. Beneath the waves of coastal regions all over the world are remnants of forests, plains and the ruins of human settlements.

While climate disasters are inevitable natural phenomena, humankind repeatedly fails to mitigate the effects of such events because of their collective obsession with profit and economic growth. Rees charts how, time and again, our low-lying regions are subject to cycles of flooding. As a result, whole eco-systems are destroyed. However, climate-related destruction for one species, provides opportunities to flourish for others.

One subject not addressed by Rees is that of deliberate flooding in the name of progress. In China, Africa and elsewhere in the world one can point to many examples of valleys, villages and farmsteads deliberately flooded as part of civil engineering schemes designed to provide irrigation and hydro-electric power. Closer to home the Tryweryn valley, a rural community in North Wales, was flooded in 1965 to provide water for Liverpool. The plan was pushed through despite being opposed by all 125 Welsh local authorities and 27 of the 36 Welsh MPs.

Rees gives examples of flooding from his study of the available scientific research, but he also retells many of the numerous flood myths handed down in human cultures across the globe: from Wales to the Middle East to the Americas. Myths which seem to suggest a folk memory of real events otherwise lost in the shadows of pre-history.

Naturally, Rees writes about Atlantis, the most well-known of the flood myths. But he also spends time visiting and writing about flood myth locations closer to home, in particular Cardigan Bay in West Wales. Cantre’r Gwaelod (the Lowland Hundred in English) was, according to legend, a low-lying land attached to the current coast of Cardigan Bay. Various myths relate how the Cantre’r Gwaelod was lost, but the most common tells of a night of drunken carousing and a guard who neglected to close a vital flood gate. The Lowland Hundred were also a noughties band from Aberystwyth and some of their music is included on the Sunken Lands Spotify playlist which accompanies the book.

Rees makes it clear that further sea level rises and floodings as a result of climate change are now inevitable. We have not heeded the warnings that climate scientists have been voicing since the 1970s and we have now passed the point of no return. Rees does not offer solutions, but instead he provides us with a coherent picture of what is happening with our climate now, what has happened in the past and what will inevitably happen in the future.

Gareth E. Rees

authorGareth E. Rees is the author of Unofficial Britain, longlisted for the Ondaatje Prize and one of The Sunday Times best books of the year 2020. He’s also the author of Car Park Life, The Stone Tide and Marshland. His first short story collection, Terminal Zones, was published in 2022 and examines the strangeness of everyday life in a time of climate change

Sunken Lands
Gareth E. Rees
Elliott & Thompson
March 2024
UK – £16.99 (hardback)
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The Wrecking Ball

Not so long ago The Guardian called Wrexham ‘a veritable Paris of what is lost’. For, despite the city’s rich history as a market town and the UNESCO World Heritage Site status of its Pontcysyllte aqueduct, Wrexham is most notable for the significant buildings it has destroyed. But it is not unique in this regard: the post-war city planners of Glasgow, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Birmingham and many other towns and cities continued the destruction of British urban heritage started by the Luftwaffe.

This is not a simple ‘old buildings are good and modern ones are bad’ knee-jerk reaction. Indeed, one of the saddest losses from Wrexham’s skyline in recent years was the demolition in 2020 of the brutalist concrete masterpiece that was formerly the city’s police headquarters.

In a similar fashion, a slew of other buildings have been reduced to rubble in recent decades. When the Hightown flats were built in the 1960s they were praised for their innovative design concept. The concrete components of the 191 flats were factory-built and assembled on site creating light, airy homes each forming part of a small, neighbourly cluster. Lack of investment in the 1980s and 1990s, however, caused the fabric of the flats to steadily deteriorate and they were demolished in 2011.

From a much earlier era, several of the Wrexham area’s large country houses have met a similar fate. Acton Hall was formerly the home of the Jeffreys family including the notorious ‘hanging judge’, George Jeffreys. The most recent iteration of the house was built in 1786 and passed through various hands, including the US military in World War Two, until it fell into disrepair and was demolished in 1955.

Nothing remains of the house, but part of the estate became a public park and the rest was sold off for housing. An even older building, the Priory Gatehouse from the late sixteenth-century was demolished in 1966.

Seion Welsh Presbyterian Chapel in Regent Street was built in 1867 in the Romanesque style and its twin spires were a prominent feature of Wrexham’s skyline for over a 100 years. With a capacity for over 800 worshippers, Seion catered for a large proportion of the town’s Welsh-speaking non-conformist community. Structural problems were identified in the 1970s and the building was demolished in 1979.

seion_chapel

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ten years later another of Wrexham’s churches, St John the Baptist in Hightown, was razed to the ground.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Built in 1908, St John’s was notable for its stained glass window designed by the prominent Pre-Rapaelite artist, Burne-Jones. Fortunately, the window was removed prior to the demolition of the church and now has a new home in St Giles parish church in the town centre.

St Mark’s Church, a building of arichitectural-note built in 1862, was visited by the wrecking ball in 1959.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Opera House in Henblas Street was built in 1909 . It seated an audience of 800 and was regularly used for concerts and plays. In 1929 it was converted into a cinema known as the Hippodrome.

hippodrome

In 1988 it was split into two screens to try to keep up with multiplex trend but, by 1997, it finally closed its doors as it could not compete with the major cinema chains. The site is now a vacant lot with plans to make it into a town centre park.

Historically, Wrexham grew up and expanded as a market town. It served a rich agricultural hinterland and was situated on a major trade route on the Welsh/English border. Several of the old market halls from the Victorian era and before remain, but others are no more. The Beast Market, where livestock was traded, has gone, as has Manchester Hall, Birmingham Square and Yorkshire Square,well-known for linen, hardware and woolen goods repectively.

The Vegetable Market, an indoor market hall built in 1898 with a mock-Tudor frontage was demolished in the 1980s to make way for a shopping centre.

Further information about all of these buildings, and many others, can be found in W. Alister Williams’ excellent The Encyclopaedia of Wrexham.

 

 

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Final Approach by Mark Blackburn

Final Approach charts the turbulent flightpath between a jetsetting father and a planespotting son.

Final Approach is a long way from being the type of book I would normally read and enjoy. I do not share Mark Blackburn’s twin obsessions of gas-guzzling cars and aeroplanes, nor is his background of a well-heeled family and public school education anything like my own. However, I found Final Approach a riveting read and Mark Blackburn an engaging and very likeable narrator. He writes with self-deprecating humour and seems incapable of dwelling on any feelings of malice or resentment even to those who have clearly behaved badly towards him.

Final Approach is the story of Blackburn’s life, with the constant thread of his love of planespotting running through it. He charts this obsession from his childhood right through to the present day and describes his compulsion to see planes, photograph them and note their registration numbers. Indeed, planespotting determines the whole structure of this, his autobiography.  Each chapter heading is the three-letter IATA code for an airport (MIA, LGW, ORK and so on) and each airport plays a significant part in the story of Blackburn’s life.

We learn of his time at boarding school and his studies at the LSE. His failure to get into the RAF for pilot trining because of hay fever and his flirtation with stand-up comedy and punk rock. Blackburn ran a chain of successful sports and footwear shops, a vocation which he enjoyed and which suited his creative talents. The role required a lot of travel, in particular travel by air. Indeed, air travel has been a constant theme throughout the various iterations of his career.

But at the book’s heart, both its sun and shadow, is Mark Blackburn’s relationship with his late father. David Blackburn OBE was a domineering, larger-than- life character. A successful businessman and Liberal Democrat donor, he owned a string of properties and businesses across the globe and his presence left an indelible stamp on the life of his son. When the younger man’s chains of shops ran into difficulties in later years and he was forced to sell up, he was persuaded, against his better judgement, to work for his father. This was not a happy time in Mark Blackburn’s career.

Other figures come and go with each chapter: family members, friends, colleagues, a succession of girlfriends. None of them, however, even his mother and his younger brother Stephen, his orginal co-conspirator in planespotting, are fully developed as characters; they are left as pencil sketches. It is as if they fade into the background before the all-pervading presence of Blackburn’s father.

David Blackburn was a charismatic figure, full of energy and chutzpah, but with the constant potential for his charm to flip into something rather more over-bearing. Mark Blackburn’s life story suggests he is a very different person. But, reflecting on his life in the pages of Final Approach, he accepts that he is cut from the same cloth as his father and, therefore, has the potential to share at least some of the older man’s characteristics. The advantage Mark has, one is led to infer from a close reading of Final Approach, is that he has a degree of self-awareness that is searingly acute and which happens to make him an insightful and engaging writer.

Mark Blackburn

Mark grew up in Berkshire but, arriving in London during the heyday of punk to study at the LSE, he felt that was where he belonged. Sundry abortive attempts at stardom followed, as a stand-up comedian, actor and musician. A successful career there as a shoe-seller followed, but Mark now lives in Somerset, England, doing what he loves best – writing. He has written a number of short stories, poems and other pieces of creative non-fiction which have been published online and in print.

Final Approach: My Father and Other Turbulence
Mark Blackburn
Claret Press
November 2023
UK – £12.99 (paperback)
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